Multi-Robot Closed-Loop Adaptive Sampling Framework Based on a Generative Ocean Model

The authors propose a multi-robot closed-loop adaptive sampling framework in which a single learned generative model performs forecasting, uncertainty estimation, planning, and measurement assimilation simultaneously. The model generates ensemble forecasts in latent space and decodes them into physical ocean states, uses ensemble statistics to construct A- or D-optimal sampling objectives, selects sampling locations within the robot-reachable range constrained by predicted currents, and feeds measurements back into the latent state through observation-conditioned diffusion sampling.